https://theimmunologist.org/articles daily 0.75 2023-05-25 https://theimmunologist.org/articles/vaccinehistory monthly 0.5 2023-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/f348bb42-eb21-43bf-a5de-39ffcb6c3027/Nanoparticle+HIV+vaccine.png ARTICLES - A Brief History of Vaccines: an endless war between humans and pathogens - Make it stand out Schematic (left) of an HIV vaccine, where HIV envelope antigens are presented on a ferritin nanoparticle; and the image of this vaccine under a transmission electron microscope (right). Images from Science by Talar Tokatlian et al. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/1e80e87f-ad33-48bd-a901-51fe4778a807/smallpox+vaccine+rumor.jpg ARTICLES - A Brief History of Vaccines: an endless war between humans and pathogens - Make it stand out People believed Jenner’s smallpox vaccine would turn them into cows. Image from the WHO: History of the smallpox vaccine. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/74ff5f94-1ee4-4146-beaa-9a5078ffa7e3/Vaiolation.jpeg ARTICLES - A Brief History of Vaccines: an endless war between humans and pathogens - Make it stand out Image from Mucosal Immunity: Barriers, Bugs, and Balance by R.J. Joost van Neerven https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/e290f745-eb67-4690-9041-4a194d019af6/Elie+Metchnikoff.png ARTICLES - A Brief History of Vaccines: an endless war between humans and pathogens - Make it stand out Ilya Mechnikov and his drawing of macrophages. Image from Nature Immunology. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/3659d749-7800-4b95-95c3-ba50c7ba0fa9/Adjuvant.png ARTICLES - A Brief History of Vaccines: an endless war between humans and pathogens - Make it stand out The increased use of adjuvants in licensed vaccines when subunit vaccines began to gain popularity after 1986. Image from Di Pasquale et al. in Vaccines. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/16ad7713-f5c1-447f-ba2a-fdcf0dc38411/Worldwide+smallpox+cases.png ARTICLES - A Brief History of Vaccines: an endless war between humans and pathogens - Make it stand out Global smallpox cases. Grey lines indicate the initiation of the Smallpox Eradication in 1959 and the Intensified Smallpox Eradication Program in 1967, respectively. Data from WHO (2011). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/b8042e84-a9cd-4af3-a673-002ab0202d54/Edward+Jenner.jpeg ARTICLES - A Brief History of Vaccines: an endless war between humans and pathogens - Make it stand out Image of Edward Jenner from British Medical Journal https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/4746f219-5a75-40d6-8e3d-cffd4a6b243c/influenza-usa-1918.jpg ARTICLES - A Brief History of Vaccines: an endless war between humans and pathogens - Make it stand out Emergency hospital during the influenza pandemic, Camp Funston, Kansas (1918). Image from National Museum of Health and Medicine. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/e29ac14e-b002-4b4d-9e5d-bb9a94760940/Shanghai+city-wide+lockdown.png ARTICLES - A Brief History of Vaccines: an endless war between humans and pathogens - Make it stand out Shanghai under city-wide lockdown in March 2022. Image from BBC News. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/4fd888ed-7c50-4089-ada3-2ef6b0564645/Nucleic+acid+vaccines.png ARTICLES - A Brief History of Vaccines: an endless war between humans and pathogens - Make it stand out In COVID-19 nucleic vaccines, RNA and DNA of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are packaged in lipid nanoparticles and adenovirus vector, respectively. Image grafted from Military Medical Research by Dan-Dan Li & Qi-Han Li. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/88fcebdb-6f45-431a-b78c-24619bfd3d08/Structural+biology+vaccine.png ARTICLES - A Brief History of Vaccines: an endless war between humans and pathogens - Make it stand out The approach of structural biology for vaccine designs. Image from Frontiers in Microbiology by Mohd Ishtiaq Anasir and Chit Laa Poh. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/b22a827a-deab-4763-a778-21799803dce0/Pasteur+and+chicken+cholera.jpg ARTICLES - A Brief History of Vaccines: an endless war between humans and pathogens - Make it stand out Pasteur used aged chicken cholera culture to immunize chickens. Image from Veterian Key https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/9b8a8893-ac0c-45f0-9b2f-c2294be1d66b/Paul+Ehrlich.png ARTICLES - A Brief History of Vaccines: an endless war between humans and pathogens - Make it stand out Paul Ehrlich and his drawing of cells producing antibodies. Image from Nature Immunology. https://theimmunologist.org/articles/vaccinesideeffects monthly 0.5 2023-02-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/a97e8f70-8483-4e77-a9aa-a29d09578f74/unsplash-image-90ejoVTj2-M.jpg ARTICLES - Manage the discomfort following vaccination: would painkillers weaken the immune response? - Make it stand out Image from Unsplash https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/26ab5006-a272-4c4a-80b7-ef20327a4104/Summary+table.png ARTICLES - Manage the discomfort following vaccination: would painkillers weaken the immune response? - Make it stand out Summary of several clinical studies using different over-the-counter pain relievers to manage discomfort following vaccination in children and adults. Table was adopted and modified from npj Vaccines by Eng Eong Ooi et al., the link to each study shown in the table can be found in this paper. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/97fb414a-4289-4443-b702-729da924dc92/Immune+cell+signaling.png ARTICLES - Manage the discomfort following vaccination: would painkillers weaken the immune response? - Make it stand out Schematic of how COVID-19 mRNA vaccine may trigger the release of type-I interferon (IFN-I) and activate humoral (antibody) and cellular immunities. Image from Science Immunology by Jonathan Sprentm et al. https://theimmunologist.org/articles/rsvvaccines monthly 0.5 2023-03-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/02bfefb8-c1bd-48d7-a365-fbd95b363ce6/Screen+Shot+2023-03-13+at+7.10.49+PM.png ARTICLES - RSV vaccines likely approved by FDA this year: a successful story of structural vaccinology - Make it stand out The structure of RSV’s pre-fusion F protein bound by the D25 antibody. Image from Science by Jason S. McLellan et al. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/20931d54-df2b-4485-a436-1f24ceab5b00/RSV+yearly+pandemic.png ARTICLES - RSV vaccines likely approved by FDA this year: a successful story of structural vaccinology - Make it stand out The number of children hospitalized for RSV-associated illness between 2017 and 2021 in the Policlinico-Giovanni XXIII Hospital of Bari in Southern Italy. Image from Children by Loconsole, Daniela et al. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/1678750384204-RF6SLM5YBL1KMPUWU64H/unsplash-image-fx9RJgZYRUE.jpg ARTICLES - RSV vaccines likely approved by FDA this year: a successful story of structural vaccinology - Make it stand out Image from Unsplash https://theimmunologist.org/articles/hivvaccinechallenges monthly 0.5 2023-04-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/1680639874727-YUXA6GHKW49AB9E5G1VJ/unsplash-image-cI8T6zeDbZw.jpg ARTICLES - The challenges of developing HIV vaccines - Make it stand out Image from Unsplash https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/1ef72342-d11a-4ddc-aefb-4c10431e9b87/viral+mutation+comparison.jpg ARTICLES - The challenges of developing HIV vaccines - Make it stand out Comparison of mutation rates in different viruses. Image obtained from PLoS Biology by José M. Cuevas et al. https://theimmunologist.org/articles/algorithmmrnavaccines monthly 0.5 2023-05-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/186bfba5-1d99-4d51-b75f-d66939a56e44/Optimization1.png ARTICLES - Improving mRNA’s stability and immunogenicity with an algorithm tool - Make it stand out Before optimization, many areas are single-stranded (marked as red) and presumably more prone to degradation. After optimization, most of the single-stranded areas have been replaced with double-stranded structures. Image was obtained and adopted from Nature by Elie Dolgin. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/57d06be6-5fdf-47f6-8e2f-376e27506eb0/s41586-023-06127-z_reference_Fig6.jpg ARTICLES - Improving mRNA’s stability and immunogenicity with an algorithm tool - Make it stand out LinearDesign-optimized vaccines (sequences A and C) show longer half-lives (figure A and B) and higher protein expression (figure C and D)than the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and the mRNA optimized with the traditional codon optimization approach (sequence H). Image from Nature by Liang Huang et al. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/9acd47e0-cbec-4fa3-a8c6-daf0870f5af2/s41586-023-06127-z_reference.jpg ARTICLES - Improving mRNA’s stability and immunogenicity with an algorithm tool - Make it stand out One of the LinearDesign-optimized vaccines (sequence C) induced stronger antibodies that target (figure A) SARS-CoV-2’s Spike protein and neutralizing antibody against the virus (figure B). Image from Nature by Liang Huang et al. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/bd98336e-4784-4ff5-91c4-4fba9d69f546/Algorithm.png ARTICLES - Improving mRNA’s stability and immunogenicity with an algorithm tool - Make it stand out LinearDesign applies concepts from speech recognition to identify optimal mRNA sequences. Image from Fig1C of the LinearDesign manuscript by Liang Huang et al in Nature. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/10d299d8-1d9e-4104-8631-038255ab9898/images_large_es1c01255_0006.jpeg ARTICLES - Improving mRNA’s stability and immunogenicity with an algorithm tool - Make it stand out The process of hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds in RNA molecules (Left). Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is less susceptible to hydrolysis and has much longer half-life than single stranded RNA (ssRNA). Image from Environmental Science&Technology by Ke Zhang et al. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/bcf1f6e0-7285-4988-b46c-e64d6b8a4fa5/image-asset.jpg ARTICLES - Improving mRNA’s stability and immunogenicity with an algorithm tool - Make it stand out Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Image from Unsplash. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/5aae5264-2fb9-40f3-b079-ba06050a9f0c/Simon+Mo_small.png ARTICLES - Improving mRNA’s stability and immunogenicity with an algorithm tool - About the guest author — Chia-Kuei (Simon) Mo Simon is a Ph.D. candidate in bioinformatics, currently pursuing his studies at Washington University in St. Louis. He completed his bachelor's degree at National Taiwan University and went on to earn a master's degree in Biomedical Engineering from Duke University. Simon's academic pursuits led him to join Dr. Li Ding's lab, where he focuses on investigating cancer biology using a multi-omic approach. Specifically, his current research interest lies in the application of Visium spatial transcriptomics to explore the intricate relationships between tumors and their surrounding microenvironments. https://theimmunologist.org/home daily 1.0 2023-05-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/5751d423-cdb0-4e24-8380-4394e8c7c2f6/unsplash-image-fx9RJgZYRUE.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/a4338f88-aa24-49c9-8de4-6d7cb53f4d08/HIV.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/70870880-bc00-474f-9eb9-b55317906321/image-asset.jpg https://theimmunologist.org/subscribe daily 0.75 2023-02-23 https://theimmunologist.org/about daily 0.75 2023-03-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/23e2902c-8a44-44a3-9da8-15e2599364bb/unsplash-image-I3rJNsVhkW4.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/b00a6e8c-9844-4eba-b102-562c158066a7/unsplash-image-OUJEGUDTltc.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/14f055cf-e1a9-4382-afcf-67493b55f655/FC_20211118_0018%281%29.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/63e42822e8e66b3d772f252a/6425d8b8-3415-457a-a8e7-303784884769/unsplash-image-IFsV9UieLKU.jpg